Aerobic bacterial microbiota of the conjunctiva in diabetic patients with normal and altered glycated hemoglobin levels in two regions in Brazil / Microbiota bacteriana aeróbica conjuntival em pacientes diabéticos com hemoglobina glicada normal e alterada em duas regiões brasileiras

Purpose: To study the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the conjunctiva in diabetic patients with regard to the management of diabetes, assessed using glycated hemoglobin levels. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using conjunctival smears of diabetic patients from both sexes and with different ages, residing in two different Brazilian cities (Sorocaba and Rio Branco). A control group of non-diabetic patients was also included. The diabetic patients were considered to have controlled diabetes when their glycated hemoglobin level was ≤7% and blood glucose level was ≤126 mg/dL. Patients with non-controlled diabetes were those with glycated hemoglobin levels >7% and blood glucose levels >126 mg/dL. The samples obtained were inoculated in Brain-Heart Infusion broth and in culture media for aerobic bacteria (blood and chocolate agars); bacterial growth was evaluated in a microbiology laboratory. Results: A total of 120 eyes of 120 patients were included in the present study. The percentage of cultures in which bacterial growth was observed was greater in diabetic patients, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.103). There was a greater trend toward bacterial growth in the conjunctiva of diabetic patients with altered fasting blood glucose. There was no difference in the frequency of bacterial growth on the conjunctiva between diabetic patients with normal or altered glycated hemoglobin levels. In Sorocaba, conjunctival bacterial growth was similar to that observed in Rio Branco. The microorganism most frequently detected in the present study was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: There was no difference between diabetic patients with normal or altered glycated hemoglobin levels. The microorganisms found were similar to those found in studies investigating the conjunctival bacterial flora of diabetic and non-diabetic ...

Objetivo: Estudar a microbiota conjuntival bacteriana aeróbica dos pacientes diabéticos em relação ao controle glicêmico, verificado através da hemoglobina glicada, em duas cidades distintas. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal utilizando raspados de conjuntiva de indivíduos diabéticos de ambos os sexos e idades variáveis de duas cidades: Sorocaba e Rio Branco. O grupo controle foi constituído de pacientes não diabéticos. A amostra foi constituída de pacientes diabéticos que foram considerados controlados com hemoglobina glicada ≤7% e glicemia de jejum ≤126 mg/dl e não controlados com hemoglobina glicada >7% e glicemia de jejum >126 mg/dl. O material obtido foi semeado em meio líquido Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) e em meios de cultivo para bactérias aeróbicas (ágar sangue e ágar chocolate). O crescimento bacteriano foi avaliado em laboratório de microbiologia. Resultados: Foram incluídos 120 olhos de 120 pacientes. A porcentagem de culturas nas quais houve crescimento bacteriano foi maior em pacientes diabéticos, sendo a diferença não estatisticamente significante (p=0,103). Não houve diferença entre o crescimento bacteriano em pacientes com hemoglobina glicada normal e alterada. Houve uma tendência maior de crescimento bacteriano em conjuntivas de pacientes diabéticos com glicemias de jejum elevada. Em Sorocaba houve crescimento bacteriano conjuntival semelhante a Rio Branco. O microrganismo mais frequente encontrado neste estudo foi Staphylococcus epidermidis, seguido de Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis e Escherichia coli. Conclusões: Não ocorreu diferença entre pacientes diabéticos com hemoglobina glicada normal e alterada. Os microrganismos encontrados foram semelhantes aos estudos da flora bacteriana de conjuntivas normais e de diabéticos. .

Aerobic bacterial microbiota of the conjunctiva in diabetic patients with normal and altered glycated hemoglobin levels in two regions in Brazil.

PURPOSE: To study the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the conjunctiva in diabetic patients with regard to the management of diabetes, assessed using glycated hemoglobin levels. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using conjunctival smears of diabetic patients from both sexes and with different ages, residing in two different Brazilian cities (Sorocaba and Rio Branco). A control group of non-diabetic patients was also included. The diabetic patients were considered to have controlled diabetes when their glycated hemoglobin level was ≤7% and blood glucose level was ≤126 mg/dL. Patients with non-controlled diabetes were those with glycated hemoglobin levels >7% and blood glucose levels >126 mg/dL. The samples obtained were inoculated in Brain-Heart Infusion broth and in culture media for aerobic bacteria (blood and chocolate agars); bacterial growth was evaluated in a microbiology laboratory. RESULTS: A total of 120 eyes of 120 patients were included in the present study. The percentage of cultures in which bacterial growth was observed was greater in diabetic patients, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.103). There was a greater trend toward bacterial growth in the conjunctiva of diabetic patients with altered fasting blood glucose. There was no difference in the frequency of bacterial growth on the conjunctiva between diabetic patients with normal or altered glycated hemoglobin levels. In Sorocaba, conjunctival bacterial growth was similar to that observed in Rio Branco. The microorganism most frequently detected in the present study was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. CONCLUSION: There was no difference between diabetic patients with normal or altered glycated hemoglobin levels. The microorganisms found were similar to those found in studies investigating the conjunctival bacterial flora of diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

[Evaluation of corneal tissue processed by a reference Eye Bank]. / Avaliação de tecido corneano processado por um Banco de Olhos de referência.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of the corneas processed by Sorocaba Eye Bank (BOS) - SP and transplanted out of the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba (HOS), as well as the corneas that had re-entered in the BOS, being transplanted or not in the HOS, during the year of 2007. METHODS: Ophthalmologists that transplanted corneas processed by BOS outside of the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba were contacted, as well as those who had used re-entried corneas, to collect the following information: period from eye enucleation until transplant, transparency of the donated tissue, time of transplant and primary failure. RESULTS: During the year of 2007, Sorocaba Eye Bank distributed three hundred and ninety-two corneas for outside HOS. From these, six had returned to BOS and had been transplanted in the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba. From those, none was rejected; however, two presented some opacity in the visual axis. After attempt to congregate information regarding the 386 transplanted corneas outside HOS, data of only 48 keratoplasty were available. The average time from the enucleation until the keratoplasty was of 5.5 days (1-13 days), and of postoperative average follow-up, 9.8 months (4-15 months). Three corneas had developed primary failure; three presented opacity in the visual axis; one presented infectious keratitis, requiring therapeutic keratoplasty; a patient died and another one lost follow-up. The other 39 corneas did not present any problems until the time this study was ended. CONCLUSION: Because of the difficulties to congregate informations of the patients transplanted in other hospitals, it is difficult to define the quality of the distributed corneas by Sorocaba Eye Bank. Thus, other analysis are necessary in order to define changes and new directions for future studies on selection and preservation of donated corneas.

Avaliação de tecido corneano processado por um Banco de Olhos de referência / Evaluation of corneal tissue processed by a reference Eye Bank

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade das córneas processadas pelo Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba - SP e transplantadas fora do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, bem como das córneas que tiveram reentrada no Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba durante o ano de 2007. MÉTODOS: Foram contatados os oftalmologistas que transplantaram córneas captadas pelo Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba fora do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, bem como os que utilizaram córneas reentradas, a fim de colher as seguintes informações: período desde a captação da córnea até o transplante, transparência do tecido doador, tempo de transplante e falência primária. RESULTADOS: Trezentas e noventa e duas córneas tiveram saída do Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba ao longo do ano de 2007. Dessas, 6 retornaram ao Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba e foram transplantadas no Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, sendo que nenhuma foi rejeitada; todavia, 2 apresentaram alguma opacidade no eixo visual. Após tentativa de reunir informações a respeito das 386 córneas transplantadas fora do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, obtiveram-se dados apenas de 48 transplantes. O tempo médio desde a captação até o transplante foi de 5,5 dias (1-13 dias), e o de seguimento médio pós-operatório, de 9,8 meses (4-15 meses). Três córneas desenvolveram falência primária, 3 evoluíram com opacidade no eixo visual, 1 apresentou ceratite infecciosa que necessitou de transplante tectônico; 1 paciente faleceu e 1 perdeu seguimento. As demais 39 córneas apresentavam-se transparentes. CONCLUSÃO: Por causa das dificuldades de reunir as informações dos pacientes transplantados em outros hospitais, torna-se difícil definir a qualidade das córneas liberadas pelo Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba. Assim, outras análises como as desse estudo são necessárias a fim de definir mudanças e rumos para estudos futuros sobre seleção e conservação das córneas doadas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of the corneas processed by Sorocaba Eye Bank (BOS) - SP and transplanted out of the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba (HOS), as well as the corneas that had re-entered in the BOS, being transplanted or not in the HOS, during the year of 2007. METHODS: Ophthalmologists that transplanted corneas processed by BOS outside of the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba were contacted, as well as those who had used re-entried corneas, to collect the following information: period from eye enucleation until transplant, transparency of the donated tissue, time of transplant and primary failure. RESULTS: During the year of 2007, Sorocaba Eye Bank distributed three hundred and ninety-two corneas for outside HOS. From these, six had returned to BOS and had been transplanted in the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba. From those, none was rejected; however, two presented some opacity in the visual axis. After attempt to congregate information regarding the 386 transplanted corneas outside HOS, data of only 48 keratoplasty were available. The average time from the enucleation until the keratoplasty was of 5.5 days (1-13 days), and of postoperative average follow-up, 9.8 months (4-15 months). Three corneas had developed primary failure; three presented opacity in the visual axis; one presented infectious keratitis, requiring therapeutic keratoplasty; a patient died and another one lost follow-up. The other 39 corneas did not present any problems until the time this study was ended. CONCLUSION: Because of the difficulties to congregate informations of the patients transplanted in other hospitals, it is difficult to define the quality of the distributed corneas by Sorocaba Eye Bank. Thus, other analysis are necessary in order to define changes and new directions for future studies on selection and preservation of donated corneas.

[Ophthalmologic evaluation of patients submitted to drainage implant in refractory glaucoma]. / Avaliação oftalmológica em pacientes submetidos a implante de drenagem em glaucomas refratários.

PURPOSE: To evaluate aspects of patients submitted to drainage implant procedures before and after surgery. METHODS: A retrospective study was done, with patients submitted to drainage implant procedures in the Glaucoma Sector of the Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, from January, 2004 to December, 2006. The following characteristics were evaluated: gender, age, treated eye, glaucoma type, number of previous ophthalmologic surgeries, previous intraocular pressure and check-ups. The visual acuity was observed before and after the implant, the number of glaucoma medications given after the implant, the main complications and the necessity of a second intervention. RESULTS: Among the 92 patients, 65.3% (n=60) were male and 34.7% (n=32) were female. The main types of glaucoma were 38.9% (n=37) due to cornea transplant and 25.3% (n=24) to neovascular glaucoma. The intraocular pressure average before implant was 32 (+/-11.29) mmHg and after implant it was 18 (+/-8.11) mmHg in 100% (n=95) eyes, 15 (+/- 10.89) mmHg in 100% (n= 95), 16 (+/-11.64) mmHg in 55.7% (n=54) and 20 (+/-10.31) mmHg in 21.6% (n=21) for the period of 2 months, 6 months, 1 and 2 years, respectively. The most frequent complications were implant migration (8.5%) and shallow anterior chamber (5.4%). CONCLUSION: A satisfactory evolution in the patients after implants, taking into consideration several causes of glaucoma. A significant reduction of intraocular pressure was found in the period of 2 months, at 1 and 2 years (p< 0.05). The complications occurred and progressed independent of the type of glaucoma, number of previous surgeries, age or gender.

Avaliação oftalmológica em pacientes submetidos a implante de drenagem em glaucomas refratários / Ophthalmologic evaluation of patients submitted to drainage implant in refractory glaucoma

Objetivo: Avaliar aspectos pré e pós-operatórios em pacientes submetidosa implantes de drenagem. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo, com pacientes submetidos a implante de drenagem no setor de glaucoma do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2006. No estudo foram avaliadas as seguintes características: sexo, idade, olho operado, tipo de glaucoma, número de cirurgias oculares anteriores, pressão intraocular prévia e após, conforme tempo de seguimento. Foram observadas a acuidade visual pré e pós-implante, o número de medicações antiglaucomatosas prescritas pós-implante, as principais complicações e reintervenções necessárias. Resultados:Entre os 92 pacientes a proporção foi de 60 (65,3%) do sexo masculino e 32 (34,7%) do feminino. Os principais tipos de glaucoma foram: 38,9% (n=37) secundário a transplante de córnea e 25,3% (n=24) glaucoma neovascular. A média da pressão intraocular pré-implante foi de 32 (±11,29) mmHg e pós-implante foi de 18, (±8,16) mmHg em 95 (100%) pacientes, 15,00 (±11,00) mmHg em 95 (100%), 16 (±11,64) mmHg em 54(55,7%) e 20 (±10,14) mmHg em 21 (21,6%) para o período de 2 meses,6 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos, respectivamente. As complicações mais frequentes foram extrusão do implante (8,5%) e atalamia (5,4%). Conclusão:Observou-se evolução satisfatória nos pós-implantes, independente das diversas causas do glaucoma. Neste estudo foi encontrada redução significante da pressão intraocular 2 meses, 1 ano e 2 anos (p<0,05). Ascomplicações tiveram ocorrência e evolução independente do tipo de glaucoma, número de cirurgias prévias, idade e sexo.

Purpose: To evaluate aspects of patients submitted to drainage implant procedures before and after surgery. Methods: A retrospective study was done, with patients submitted to drainage implant procedures in the Glaucoma Sector of the Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, from January, 2004 to December, 2006. The following characteristics were evaluated: gender, age, treated eye, glaucoma type, number of previousophthalmologic surgeries, previous intraocular pressure and check-ups. The visual acuity was observed before and after the implant, the number of glaucoma medications given after the implant, the main complications and the necessity of a second intervention. Results: Among the 92 patients, 65.3% (n=60) were male and 34.7% (n=32) were female. The main types of glaucoma were 38.9% (n=37) dueto cornea transplant and 25.3% (n=24) to neovascular glaucoma. The intraocular pressure average before implant was 32 (±11.29) mmHg and after implant it was 18 (±8.11) mmHg in100% (n=95) eyes, 15 (± 10.89) mmHg in 100% (n= 95), 16 (±11.64) mmHg in 55.7% (n=54) and 20 (±10.31) mmHg in 21.6% (n=21) for the period of 2 months, 6 months, 1 and 2 years, respectively. The most frequent complications were implant migration (8.5%) and shallow anterior chamber(5.4%). Conclusion: A satisfactory evolution in the patients after implants, taking into consideration several causes of glaucoma. A significant reduction of intraocular pressure was found in the period of 2 months, at 1 and 2 years (p< 0.05). The complications occurred and progressed independent of the type of glaucoma, number of previous surgeries, age or gender.